Chemical engineering notes

                                CLASS 1 General Principles- Mechanics- It is a branch of physical science that is concerned with the state of rest or motion of bodies that are subjected to the action of forces. In general, this subject can be subdivided into three branches- 1)Rigid body mechanics 2) Deformable body mechanics 3)Fluid mechanics Rigid body mechanics is subdivided in two areas- a)Statics- It deals with the equilibrium of bodies that are either at rest or move with constant velocity. b) Dynamics- It is concerned with the accelerated motion of bodies. Fundamental Concepts 1)Basic quantities a)Length b)Time c)Mass d)Force 2)Particle- A particle has a mass but a size that can be neglected. For example, Earth can be modelled as a particle compared to its orbit. 3)Rigid Body- A rigid  body is combination of large number of particles in which all the particles remain at a fixed distance from one another both before and after applying load. 4) Newton's law of motion a) 1st law

                              CLASS 1 Chemical engineering is concerned with the transformation of raw material into useful products. Chemical engineering is the application of the principle of physical science together with the principles of economics and human relations to fields that pertain directly to processes and process equipments in which matter is treated to effect a change of state, energy content or composition.

                       WATER TREATMENT(Class 1) •Water is present in liquid, solid and gas state. •It is important for living organisms. Sources of water 1)Surface water a) Flowing water(River, Stream) b)Still water(Lakes, Ponds, Reservoirs) 2) Underground water(springs, wells, tubewells) 3)Sea/Oceans 4) Rainwater Water can be divided into two types 1)Hardwater •Ca+2/Mg+2 is present in the form of bicarbonates. •It does not form foam easily. 2)Soft water •The water which produces foam easily with soap or detergent. •It does not contain ions. Different kinds of impurities in water 1) Physical impurities •Coloured water due to presence of suspended particles, ions, salts, slits, etc. •Taste(brackish/bitter) •Odour 2) Chemical impurities a) Organic impurities detergent, pulp, vegetables, dead animals b) Inorganic impurities These are chemical impurities. 3)Biological impurities Bacteria, fungi, virus, algae Types of hardness 1) Temporary hardness •Due to presence of bicarbonates. •It can

                   FLUID MECHANICS (1 CLASS) •Dynamics- study of motion of any substance. •Mechanics- study of material under forces. •Fluid mechanics is study of fluid under forces.                             Nature and scope •Mathematical (vector and vector calculus) •Physical principle (law of conservation of mass/energy/angular momentum)                                     Scope • It is foundational course •design and operation of storage vessels. •design and operation of equipment for: 1) Momentum tranfer( fluid moving machinery like pipes pumps, blowers, nozzels, turbine, compressors,valves, etc.) 2)Heat transfer( heat exchangers like heaters, coolers, condensers, etc.) 3) Mass transfer( separators, purifiers like distillation columns, absorbers, extractors, etc.) 4) Reactions( reactors like plug flow, mixed flow etc.)                         Solids and fluids Solids- •state of aggregation • resits the applied shear stress and come to new equilibrium state after a de

                INTRODUCTION (1 CLASS) •Thermodynamics= Thermo+dynamics. •Thermo stands for various kinds of energy such as heat, electricity, light, solar, steam. •Dynamics stands for energy in transitional state. •Possible changes in physical properties of substances. 1) increase and decrease in temperature. 2) increase and decrease in temperature. •Thermodynamics is the science of energy transfer and it's effect on physical properties of substances. •Carnot's Theory- Reflections on the motive power of fire.                                    CLASS-2 Defination of thermodynamics It is a science of energy transfer and it's effect on physical properties of substances such as temperature, volume, density. Application  Nuclear Power plant, chemical process plant, air conditioning, internal combustion engine, gas dynamics, etc. Macroscopic and Microscopic viewpoint a) Macroscopic- •Macro stands for large. •In macroscopic approach, certain quantities of material is considered a